Pronouns
From Dialectsyntax
4. Pronouns
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Dutch has a number of different elements that are classified as pronouns (the following list is taken from ANS - Algemene Nederlandse Spraakkunst 'Normal/Ordinary Dutch Speech'):
This is a large and rather heterogeneous group that is, in our opinion insufficient, in one respect: determiners and numerals would fit into this group. We decided to include these elements in this category. | ||
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40000 |
PRON |
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4.1 |
Inflection |
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| 41000 | PRON (INFL) | Inflection This attribute indicates the presence of an audible morpheme for categories like: person, number, gender, case, mode, definiteness etc. For example the –e suffix attached to possessive pronouns. Differences between hen vs. hun (‘them.ACC’ vs. ‘them.DAT’) or hem vs. hen (‘he.ACC’ vs. ‘them.ACC’) are not marked (tagged) through this attribute. The following rule applies: inflection is only marked if the word can also occur without the inflectional morpheme. The following values give information regarding the nature of the inflection: |
| 41100 | PRON (INFL) -(e)n | |
| 41200 | PRON (INFL) -(e)t | |
| 41300 | PRON (INFL) -e | |
| 41400 | PRON (INFL) -(e)s | |
| 41500 | PRON (INFL) -st | |
| 41600 | PRON (INFL) OT | Other inflectional morpheme |
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4.2 |
Position |
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| 42000 | PRON POS | |
| 42100 | PRON POS PRE-N | Prenominal Determiners are always prenominal. Interrogative pronouns, relative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, possessive pronouns and quantifiers can be prenominal. E.g which N, that N, my N, all/three/some N. |
| 42110 | PRON POS PRE-N (ELL) | Prenominal with ellipsis We speak of ellipsis if the noun can be added (but is not), in constructions like ik heb deze boeken gekocht, en hij die, 'I bought these books, [lit.:] and he those'. There is no ellipsis in constructions like the following: de mijne (*boeken) liggen nog op mijn kamer, '[lit.:] The mine lay still at my room'. Another example of ellipsis: Ik heb die rode gekocht, '[lit.:]I have those red bought'. |
| 42200 | PRON POS N | Nominal A pronoun is used nominally, if it is the head of an NP, and if there are (or can be) other elements inside the same NP. If this last part of the definition is not the case, we call the position free. F.e. dit alles, 'this all', dit allemaal, 'that all', de mijne, 'the mine'. |
| 42300 | PRON POS POST-N | Postnominal F.e. Zij allen/beiden' hebben het geweigerd, [lit.:] they all/both have it refused'. |
| 42400 | PRON POS FREE | Free A pronoun is free if it forms an NP on its own. Personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, reciprocal pronouns and R-pronouns are always free. Interrogative pronouns, relative pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and quantifiers can be free (who, what, this, that, all, nothing, nobody). Pronouns that are marked for genitive case (f.e. wiens 'whose') are free. |
| 42410 | PRON POS FREE (PRED) | Predicative pronouns Predicative pronouns are found in constructions of the type Die fiets is mijns, 'that bicycle is mine.GEN', Jan is daar, 'John is there'. |
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4.3 |
Case |
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| Just like with nouns, pronouns are labelled with an attribute for case if the case is morphologically visible. | ||
| 43000 | PRON (CASE) | |
| 43100 | PRON (CASE)(NOM) | Nominative This is normally the pronoun that is used as the subject and that agrees with the finite verb in person and number. |
| 43200 | PRON (CASE)(OBL) | Oblique This means: not nominative or genitive. This valuecan be further specified as accusative or dative. If it is not entirely clear whether the pronoun is in accusative or dative case, the value oblique is sufficient, and no further specification is given. |
| 43210 | PRON (CASE)(OBL)(ACC) | Accusative |
| 43220 | PRON (CASE)(OBL)(DAT) | Dative |
| 43300 | PRON (CASE)(OBL)(GEN) | Genitive |
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4.4 |
Person and number |
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| 44000 | PRON (FEAT) | |
| 44100 | PRON (FEAT) 1.S | First person singular |
| 44200 | PRON (FEAT) 2.S | Second person singular |
| 44300 | PRON (FEAT) 2.S-p | Second person singular, polite form |
| 44400 | PRON (FEAT) 3.S | Third person singular |
| 44500 | PRON (FEAT) 1.PL | First person plural |
| 44600 | PRON (FEAT) 2.PL | Second person plural |
| 44700 | PRON (FEAT) 2.PL-p | Second person plural, polite form |
| 44800 | PRON (FEAT) 3.PL | Third person plural |
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4.5 |
Gender |
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| 45000 | PRON (GEND) | |
| 45100 | PRON (GEND) Z | Non-neuter |
| 45110 | PRON (GEND) Z (M) | Masculine. This specification is only added in clear cases. |
| 45120 | PRON (GEND) Z (F) | Feminine. This specification is only added in clear cases. |
| 45200 | PRON (GEND) N | Neuter |
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4.6 |
Function |
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| Grammatical function has, strictly speaking, no place in parts-of-speech tagging. However, it is necessary to add this attribute in order to be able to search the database, when syntactic annotation is not been done (yet). | ||
| 46000 | PRON (FUNCT) | |
| 46100 | PRON (FUNCT) SUBJ | Subject Constituent that agrees with the finite verb. |
| 46200 | PRON (FUNCT) D-OBJ | Direct object |
| 46300 | PRON (FUNCT) I-OBJ | Indirect object Indirect object, without a preposition. |
| 46400 | PRON (FUNCT) P-OBJ | Prepositional object |
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4.8 |
Type |
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| All types of pronouns are tagged under this attribute. For most of them we follow ANS (except for determiner, R-pronoun and quantifier, which are not classified as pronouns in ANS). | ||
| 48000 | PRON TYPE | |
| 4.8.1 | Personal | |
| 48100 | PRON TYPE PERS | Personal pronouns |
| 4.8.1.1 | Subject doubling | |
| 48110 | PRON TYPE PERS (DOUBL) | Personal pronoun in a subject doubling construction. |
| 48111 | PRON TYPE PERS (DOUBL) 1-STRONG | Linearly first person pronoun in a doubling construction, if it is strong. F.e. Zij'' heeft ze me niet gebeld, 'She.STRONG has she.WEAK me not called'. |
| 48112 | PRON TYPE PERS (DOUBL) 1-WEAK | Linearly first person pronoun in a doubling construction, if it is weak. F.e. Ze'' heeft zij me niet gebeld, 'She.WEAK has she.STRONG me not called'. |
| 48113 | PRON TYPE PERS (DOUBL) 2-STRONG | Linearly second person pronoun in a doubling construction, if it is strong. F.e. Ze heeft zij me niet gebeld, 'She.WEAK has she.STRONG me not called'. |
| 48114 | PRON TYPE PERS (DOUBL) 2-WEAK | Linearly second person pronoun in a subject doubling construction, if it is weak. F.e. Zij heeft ze me niet gebeld, 'She.STRONG has she.WEAK me not called'. |
| 48115 | PRON TYPE PERS (DOUBL) 3-STRONG | Linearly third person pronoun in a subject doubling (=tripling) construction, if it is strong. F.e. Marie heeft ze zij me niet gebeld, 'Marie has she.WEAK she.STRONG me not called'. |
| 48116 | PRON TYPE PERS (DOUBL) 3-WEAK | Linearly third person pronoun in a subject doubling (=tripling) construction, if it is weak. F.e. Marie heeft zij ''ze<.u> ''me niet gebeld, 'Marie has she.STRONG she.WEAK me not called'.'' |
| 4.8.2.1 | Strong and weak (non doubling) |
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| 48120 | PRON TYPE PERSSTATUS | This tag distinguishes between strong and weak pronouns in a non-doubling construction. It is assigned only if the distinction is clear. When in doubt, don't assign this tag. |
| 48121 | PRON TYPE PERSSTATUS STRONG | Strong pronoun, no doubling |
| 48122 | PRON TYPE PERSSTATUS WEAK | Weak pronoun, no doubling |
| 4.8.1.3 | Expletive | |
| 48130 | PRON TYPE PERSEXPL |
This tag is assigned to pronouns that function as expletive subject |
| 48131 | PRON TYPE PERSEXPL STRONG | This specification is only assigned to strong pronouns that function as expletives. E.g. Dat'' schijnt dat Piet komt, '[lit.:] That (it.STRONG) seems that Piet comes'. Daar'' was eens een prinses die trouwen wilde , '[lit.:] There was once a princess that marry wanted' ('Once upon a time there was a princess that wanted to get married').' |
| 4.8.2 | Reflexive and reciprocal | |
| 48200 | PRON TYPE REFL | |
| 48210 | PRON TYPE REFL | Reflexive pronoun E.g. Jan kent zichzelf, '[lit.:] John knows REFL/himself'. |
| 48211 | PRON TYPE REFL SIMPL | Reflexive pronoun consisting of one morpheme. E.g. Jan wast zich, 'John washes REFL'. |
| 48212 | PRON TYPE REFL COMPL | Reflexive pronoun consisting of two morphemes. E.g.Jan wast ''zichzelf, 'John washes REFL', Piet schaamt z'n eigen, '[lit.:]Pete shames HIS OWN'. |
| 4.8.3 | Possessive | |
| 48300 | PRON TYPE POSS | Possessive pronoun |
| 48310 | PRON TYPE POSS STRONG | Strong possessive pronoun E.g. Marie heeft haar huis verkocht, 'Marie sold her house'. |
| 48320 | PRON TYPE POSS WEAK | Weak possessive pronoun E.g. Marie heeft d'r huis verkocht , 'Marie sold her house'. |
| 4.8.4 | Demonstrative | |
| 48400 | PRON TYPE DEM | Demonstrative pronoun |
| 48410 | PRON TYPE DEM DEF | Definite demonstrative pronoun. E.g. die'' fiets, 'that bicycle'. |
| 48420 | PRON TYPE DEM INDEF | Indefinite demonstrative pronoun E.g. zulke'' boeken, 'such books', zo'n ''brug, 'such-a bridge'. |
| 4.8.5 | Interrogative | |
| 48500 | PRON TYPE WH | Interrogative pronoun E.g. who, what, which. |
| 4.8.6 | Relative | |
| 48600 | PRON TYPE REL | Relative pronoun |
| 48610 | PRON TYPE REL W | Relative pronoun starting with a /w/ E.g. Alles wat Jan weet, '[lit.:] Everything what John knows', Het meisje met wie hij uitging, '[lit.:] The girl with who he dated', De bal waarmee zij speelden , '[lit.:] The ball where-with they played'. |
| 48620 | PRON TYPE REL D | Relative pronoun starting with a /d/ E.g. Alles dat Jan weet, '[lit.:] Everything that John knows', Hij is iemand die graag praat, '[lit.:] He is someone that gladly talks'. |
| 4.8.7 | R-pronouns | |
| 48700 | PRON TYPE R-PRON | This tag is assigned to er 'there', daar 'there', overal 'everywhere', ergens 'somewhere', nergens 'nowhere', hier 'here', waar 'where', whenever they are used non-adverbially. E.g. Hij denkt nergens meer aan, 'He thinks of nothing anymore'. |
| 48710 | PRON TYPE R-PRON STRONG | Strong R-pronoun E.g. Kijk, daar loopt een adelaar, 'Look, there walks an eagle'. |
| 48720 | PRON TYPE R-PRON WEAK | Weak R-pronoun E.g. D'r'' staat een paard in de gang, '[lit.:]There.WEAK stands a horse in the hallway'. |
| 4.8.8 | Quantifiers | |
| 48800 | PRON TYPE QUANT | This category resembles the indefinite pronouns used in ANS, but is enlarged with numberals. |
| 48810 | PRON TYPE QUANT NUM | Numerals, both ordinals and cardinals. Veel 'many' and weinig 'less' do not belong to this class, but are adjectives. |
| 48820 | PRON TYPE QUANT UNIV | Universal quantifiers: each, every, all, altogether, everything, everybody, both. |
| 48830 | PRON TYPE QUANT EXIS | Existential quantifiers: any, some. |
| 48840 | PRON TYPE QUANT NEG | Negative quantifiers: nobody, nothing, no. |
| 4.8.9 | Determiners | |
| 48900 | PRON TYPE ART | |
| 48910 | PRON TYPE ART DEF | Definite articles: de 'the.MASC/FEM', het, 'the.NEUT'. |
| 48920 | PRON TYPE ART IND | Indefinite articles: een 'a'. |
